English Essay

                                      Pak-Indian Relations

After Pakistan and India became independent in 1947, it was expected that the two countries would live in peace and progress economically, scientifically and culturally to each other's benefits. But, unfortunately, the Indian leadership conspired with the Maharaja of Kashmir who, against the wishes of the Kashmiris, joined India. This started of wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan.

     India exploded the atom bomb in 1974. This proves that she was an atomic power and could be a great threat to Pakistan. Pakistan started working on her nuclear program determinedly. In 1998, both India and Pakistan exploded several atom bombs experimentally. This started a nuclear and missile race between them.

     The Indian government intentionally did not check the narrow-minded Hindus from pulling down the historic Babari Mosque in Ayodhiya in 1992. Thousands of Muslims were killed in India and many Mosque pulled down. So were many temples demolishes in Pakistan. This shows that how strong were the communal feelings in India against Muslims.

    India continues to build dams across rivers flowing into Pakistan from Kashmir. This has further embittered the relations of the countries. It is to be seen how for India goes to take away Pakistan’s shared of rivers water and how much Pakistan can put pressure on India not to do so.

    The present situation is not very hopeful. The leaders of the two countries meet and declare like jokers that they want to solve their problems through negotiations (formal discussion). However, India is not prepared to settle the Kashmir dispute according to the UN resolutions. The people of Kashmir cannot allow the division of Kashmir between India and Pakistan at their cost. This leaves very little scope for peaceful settlement of the major problems and disputes between the two countries.

Englisg Essay

                                                       Human Rights Abuses (violations)

In fact, Islam in the 7^th century laid emphasis on the equality of all men before God, the rights of slaves or servants, women and wives and the rights of all enjoy their property and money freely and suitably. Later, democratic developments in English, France and the US resulted in the form of law guaranteeing rights of human beings, democratic equality and justice. The UN charter of human rights is again a repetition of their principles.

The most painful and shameful violations of human rights have recently taken place in Afghanistan, Kashmir, Palestine, Bosnia, Chechnya and in various African countries.

Our Constitution provides for protection against the violation of most of the human rights. Yet, the rights continue to be abused through the length and breadth of the country. Beside the protection of the Constitution, we need to take some other urgent measures to ensure the non-violation of the rights.

Firstly, the common people should be educated in the shortest possible time to certain reasonable standards. The education masses, then, would understand how to exercise their rights

Secondly, all possible efforts should be made to bring about economic justice as early as possible. The feudal (“jagirdari”) system in the villages should be broken up speedily. Large landholdings should be taken away and the released land should be divided into medium-size units to be cultivated by poorer farmers with governments help. The water resources  should be put to the best use to the benefit of all.

Thirdly, in and around the cities, the businesses and industries should be induced (caused) to educated labour and pay them handsomely.

Fourthly, the law of the land should be modified (changed) according to our changing economic, social and political needs. New laws should be framed to meet new situations.

The future of human rights is brighter, no doubt in developed democracies, and as much darker, in the half-democracies, dictatorships, autocracies and oligarchies ( governments by small groups of all-powerful people).

The Place of Science in a Liberal Education (Bertrand Russell)

       (6)  THE PLACE OF SCIENCE IN A LIBERAL EDUCATION
                                                   (Bertrand Russell)

 

GENERAL INTRODUCTION: -

                      “The Place of Science in a liberal Education” is a highly contemplative, logical and scientific essay by Bertrand Russell. He is a well-known philosopher, reformer and thinker of the 20^th century. This Noble Prize winner is admired by the general public for his views on politics, moral, education, and religion

The Open Window (H.H.Munro)

         (5). The Open Window

GENERAL INTRODUCTION: -

                                             The Open Window is an interesting, mysterious and puzzling story by H.H. Munro. He was a great British novelist, short-fiction writer and political satirist. Who wrote under the pseudonym Saki. His stories are mostly elegant, witty and highly individual; full of humour, suspense, mystery and action. The present story is an outspoken example of his excellent dramatic style.

How to Live to be 200 (Stephen Leacock)

                   How to live to be 200

                                         (Stephen Leacock)

GENERAL INTRODUCTION: -

                                         “How to Live to be 200” is humorous, exaggerated, satirical and advisable essay by Stephen Leacock. He is famous Canadian political scientist, historian and humourist. His stories are mostly a criticism of foolish habits and behavior of the contemporary society. In this essay, his style is both humorous and satirical.

Bromides & Sulphite

                                          

    (3) BROMIDES AND SULPHITES                            

                                  (Gelett Burgess)

GENERAL INTRODUCTION:-

                                        “Bromides and Sulphites” is an interesting, humorous and quite different essay by Gelett Burgess, who was a well-known American humourist and prose writer. He wrote a number of humorous articles and stories together with his illustrations. This essay has been extracted from his famous book: “Are you a Bromide?”

The Last Lesson

                                                       

                                      (2). THE LAST LESSON

                                              (Alphonse Daudet)

GENERAN INTRODUCTION: -

                                             Alphonse Daudet is a renowned French novelist and short-fiction writer. He is famous for his precise observation of life, replete with a rare degree of charm and humour as well. He is, at the same time, objective and personal. “The Last Lesson” is one of his famous stories.